FAQ
Frequently asked questions
Here are short answers to what people most often ask when they deal with a contract seriously for the first time. The answers are general, based on Russian law, and do not cover the details of specific deals. Rules differ in other countries, so check your own law or ask a local lawyer. If your situation is more complex or the amount is significant, see a lawyer.
A short answer is a pointer, not a verdict. The more is at stake, the more important it is for a professional to read your documents.
Before signing
Do I really have to read the whole contract if it is long?
Yes. Terms on liability, termination and price changes often sit near the end or in the annexes. If you are short of time, ask for the text in advance.
Can I make changes to a contract I am offered?
You can propose changes: a contract is an agreement, not an order. The other party may refuse, and then you decide whether to sign the text as it stands.
What if the contract has words I do not understand?
Ask for them to be explained in writing or look them up in the glossary. If a clause is still unclear and concerns money, liability or housing, show it to a lawyer.
Do I need to sign every page?
The law does not usually require it for everyday contracts, but a signature on every page and annex makes it harder to swap pages. What matters most is the signature at the end and signed annexes.
Money and receipts
When does a loan to a friend have to be in writing?
Under Article 161(1)(2) of the Russian Civil Code, transactions between citizens for an amount exceeding ten thousand roubles are made in simple written form, unless notarisation is required.
What should a receipt for money include?
Who received the money and from whom, the amount, the basis (loan, payment, deposit), repayment terms if it is a loan, the date and the recipient's signature. We do not provide templates: for large sums, draw up the document with a lawyer.
Does a card transfer prove that money was lent?
A transfer shows that money moved but does not by itself explain why it was handed over. So it helps to state the purpose of the payment and to draw up a contract or receipt.
How long should I keep receipts and payment slips?
At least until the contract is fully performed and the limitation period has ended. Under Russian law the general period is three years (Article 196(1) of the Russian Civil Code), but for some claims it is different.
Disputes
Where do I start if the contract has been breached?
Gather the documents and messages, reread the contract and send the other party a calm written message describing the problem and proposing how to resolve it.
What is a formal claim and do I have to send one?
It is a written demand to remedy a breach within a set time. For some disputes a pre-trial procedure is mandatory; for others it simply helps reach agreement. Ask a lawyer what applies to you.
When is it time to see a lawyer?
If negotiations have not worked, the amount is significant for you, housing is involved or you have received official documents from the other party. The sooner a professional sees the papers, the more options you have.
Can a dispute be settled without going to court?
Yes, many everyday disputes end with negotiations or an agreement in which the parties record in writing who does what and by when. Such an agreement should also be signed and kept.
Related sections
- Guides
Checklists for common everyday contracts: renting from a private landlord, repairs and services, buying second-hand, online offers; how to read them and red flags.
- Examples
Hypothetical cases: a delayed repair job, a deposit not returned, a friend's unpaid loan, changed online terms, a faulty second-hand item, an undated contract.
- Documents
What proves an agreement: the contract, a receipt, an acceptance certificate, messages, a payment slip; when the law requires writing and why deadlines matter.
Sources
- Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One), Articles 161, 196, 432
These materials are based on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and describe Russian law. Rules change over time, so check the article against the current version on the official Russian legal information portal, and take a real dispute to a lawyer. Rules differ in other countries: check your own law or ask a local lawyer.